Raphus cucullatus
1662
Roelandt Savery, The Dodo, ca. late 1620s Source
Famously flightless and fearless of humans, the dodo was endemic to Mauritius, evolutionarily forgoing flight due to the richness of abundant food sources and lack of immediate predators. Little remains known about their behavior or appearance (accounting for the varied depiction in naturalist illustrations) due to the narrow research window between their first recorded description, by Dutch sailors in 1598, and last accepted sighting in 1662. Mistaken for an ostrich, albatross, and vulture by colonial explorers, one of the most detailed descriptions of the bird comes from Sir Thomas Herbert's 1634 travelogue, where he characterizes the creature as having eyes like diamonds and being of a shape and rareness [that] may antagonize the Phoenix of Arabia. Despite being sent to Europe and Asia, the last recorded captive dodo died not long after arriving in Nagasaki. Scientists state with confidence that the animal was probably extinct in the wild by 1700 from habitat loss, the introduction of predators to Mauritius, and overharvesting by humans. First used as an example of human-induced extinction in an 1883 magazine, the bird's memory lives on in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where, with perhaps tragic irony, the dodo declares that the best thing to help the animals would be a Caucus-race.
Bos primigenius
1627
Illustration of an aurochs from Siegmund von Herberstein's Rervm Moscoviticarvm commentarij Sigismundi (1556) Source
Itsok